Personalidad en adolescentes de la ciudad del Alto en periodo de pandemia por covid -19

Este artículo describe los perfiles de personalidad de 95 adolescentes de la ciudad del Alto de La Paz. Los datos surgen del proceso empírico realizado en periodo de emergencia sanitaria por la pandemia por COVID -19. Los adolescentes en este contexto buscan nuevas e innovadoras maneras de afrontar esta realidad. Para eso se proyectan a partir de sus cualidades, habilidades, competencias y características que permiten la búsqueda de un proyecto de vida o la elección de una carrera universitaria. Se utilizó técnicas de investigación cuantitativa (Cuestionario Big Fives o Cinco Grandes) para reconocer los índices en cada dimensión, sub dimensión y escala de distorsión de la personalidad y se realizó un abordaje cualitativo en el reconocimiento de los perfiles de personalidad. Se observó que existe una tendencia mayor de adolescentes con predisposición a ser creativos e investigadores y no así realistas, sociales y dirigentes. La conclusión es que los datos permitirán a los adolescentes una perspectiva distinta en la elección de carreras universitarias convencionales.

This article describes the personality profiles of 165 adolescents from the City of Alto de La Paz. In times of health emergency it is a problem to set medium-term objectives. Teenagers must seek new and innovative ways to deal with this reality. For this, it is necessary to recognize the qualities, skills, competencies and characteristics of adolescents who are looking for a life project or the choice of a university career. Quantitative research techniques (Big Fives or Big Five Questionnaire) were used to recognize the levels in each dimension, sub-dimension and personality distortion scale and a qualitative approach was carried out in the recognition of personality profiles. It was observed that there is a greater tendency of adolescents with a predisposition to be creative and investigative and not so realistic, social and leaders. The conclusion is that the data will allow adolescents a different perspective in the choice of conventional university careers.

Este artigo descreve os perfis de personalidade de 165 adolescentes da cidade de Alto de La Paz. Em tempos de emergência sanitária é um problema estabelecer objetivos de médio prazo. Os adolescentes devem buscar formas novas e inovadoras de lidar com essa realidade. Para isso, é necessário reconhecer as qualidades, habilidades, competências e características dos adolescentes que buscam um projeto de vida ou a escolha de uma carreira universitária. Técnicas de pesquisa quantitativa (Big Fives ou Big Five Questionnaire) foram utilizadas para reconhecer os níveis em cada dimensão, subdimensão e escala de distorção de personalidade e uma abordagem qualitativa foi realizada no reconhecimento de perfis de personalidade. Observou-se que há uma maior tendência de adolescentes com predisposição a serem criativos e investigativos e não tão realistas, sociais e líderes. A conclusão é que os dados permitirão aos adolescentes uma perspectiva diferente na escolha das carreiras universitárias convencionais.

PERCEPTION OF FIRST YEAR MBBS STUDENTS TOWARDS ECE (EARLY CLINICAL EXPOSURE) IN PHYSIOLOGY.

Introduction : Early Clinical Exposure is a teaching learning method which enables student to learn basic sciences effectively and retain the information which bene?ts patient and promotes better patient care. Hundred students selected after applying inclusion exclusion criteria divided into 2 groups A and B taught Methodology : basal ganglia and thyroid physiology in conventional method and other in ECE integrated method respectively and after interchanging groups, demonstrating the clinical features of parkinsonism and hypothyroidism for ECE group. A pretest and post-test were conducted preceding and following lecture in both settings. The results obtained were interpreted using Results : excel. The mean of pre-test marks for Traditional teaching and ECE integrated teaching are 5.62±2.42 and 4.58±2.33 respectively and the post-test scores of Traditional and ECE teaching are 10.62±2.52 and 12.8±2.46 respectively. Discussion : Majority considered that the synchronisation of classroom learning with clinical experiences was bene?cial, and the majority believed that integrated teaching improved understanding of the practical applications of physiology. Through Conclusion : this study we conclude that ECE integrated teaching is more effective in imparting knowledge in ?rst MBBS students as the gap of imagination was bridged by live demonstration with help of patient which is re?ected in the Likert scale and in the scores. Though the ECE integration is a tough job for the teacher, it is a great learning tool for students.

Case-based practical examination as an introduction to formative assessment in pathology: Undergraduate student’s perception

Background: In pathology, students are assessed by both theory as well as practical examination, but we have more upper hand and regularity in conducting theory assessment over practical evaluation. We have put newer case-based practical examination (CBPE) module over traditional one to achieve better practical approach which consists of case scenario pertaining to hematology and urine exercise followed by its interpretation without performing procedure. Aim and Objectives: The objective of this study were to develop and implement this new method of CBPE as a formative assessment tool for undergraduate 2nd year medical students. Materials and Methods: We have included MBBS undergraduate students of 4th semester by dividing students into two groups. Each group consists of 25 students. Group 1 was exposed to CBPE of hematology and urine exercises, while Group 2 was exposed to conventional method of hematology and urine exercises. Evaluation form was given to each student at the end of session to know their perception and opinion regarding this newer form of practical examination. Results: Mean marks scored in Group 1(CBPE) were 28 and in Group 2 (conventional) were 20.32 out of 40 marks. We had used unpaired t-test to calculate significance with P value which was found to be 0.0012. Feedback was based on five-point Likert scale. Most of the faculty members and students gave positive opinion for case-based pattern. Conclusion: CBPE can be used as alternative to conventional practical examination for formative assessment with improvement in performance of students.

Tratamiento del dolor lumbar: cuestionario sobre la satisfacción de los fisioterapeutas / Treatment of low back pain: scale questionnaire for physiotherapist´s satisfaction

Introduction: Low back pain (LBP) is a considerable health problem in many countries and may sometimes last for more than 12 weeks. It is the most common cause of functional disability affecting the adult group with a prevalence rate of 84%. Purpose: A reliable and valid goal-oriented performance analysis using a Likert scale for therapist´s satisfaction in treating subjects with low back pain (LBP) has been lacking globally. Therefore, a questionnaire used for therapist´s satisfaction in treating low back pain (LBP) is developed and validated. Subjects and methods: In the first phase, the items in the initial questionnaire were selected as per the signs and symptoms of low back pain (LBP). In the second phase, the content validity was analyzed by sending the revised questionnaire to 30 physical therapists for their comments. In the third and fourth phases, the final revised questionnaire was sent to 120 practicing therapists for checking the consistency of the items. In the fifth phase, the final validity (factor analysis) and reliability (internal consistency) of the questionnaire were measured. Results: The final questionnaire consists of 32 items with six factors. The reliability (Cronbach's alpha coefficients) for items ranged from 0.67 to 0.85 and the stability (Guttman split-half coefficient) for test-retest ranged from 0.68 to 0.89. A validity test was done by a principle factor analysis with a cut-off score of 0.6. Conclusion: The physiotherapist satisfaction questionnaire was reliable and valid for finding the physiotherapist´s satisfaction in subjects with low back pain.

Introducción: El dolor lumbar (DL) constituye un problema de salud considerable en muchos países y, en ocasiones, puede persistir por más de 12 semanas. Es la causa más común de discapacidad funcional que afecta al grupo de adultos, con una tasa de prevalencia del 84%. Propósito: Se carece a nivel mundial de un análisis de rendimiento confiable y válido, orientado a objetivos que utilice una escala de Likert para evaluar el grado de satisfacción del fisioterapeuta en el tratamiento de sujetos con DL. Por lo tanto, se elabora y valida un cuestionario utilizado para tal fin. Sujetos y métodos: En la primera fase, los elementos del cuestionario inicial se seleccionaron según los signos y síntomas del DL. En la segunda fase, se analizó la validez del contenido mediante el envío del cuestionario revisado a 30 fisioterapeutas para sus comentarios. En la tercera y cuarta fases, el cuestionario revisado final se envió a 120 fisioterapeutas, que ejercían su práctica profesional, para verificar la congruencia de los ítems. En la quinta fase, se midieron la validez final (análisis factorial) y la confiabilidad (congruencia interna) del cuestionario. Resultados: El cuestionario final consta de 32 ítems con seis factores. La confiabilidad (coeficientes alfa de Cronbach) para los ítems varió de 0.67 a 0.85 y la estabilidad (coeficiente de división por mitades de Guttman) para la prueba y contraprueba varió entre 0.68 y 0.89. Se realizó una prueba de validez mediante un análisis factorial principal con un puntaje de corte de 0.6. Conclusión: El cuestionario de satisfacción del fisioterapeuta fue confiable y válido para determinar su grado de satisfacción en el tratamiento de sujetos con DL.

Impact of Two Distinct Dental Anesthesia Simulation Models on the Perception of Learning by Students / Impacto de dos distintos modelos de simulación para anestesia dental en la percepción del aprendizaje en estudiantes

ABSTRACT We evaluated an infiltration anesthesia simulation model (IAM) and a conduction anesthesia simulation model (CAM) on the perception of learning by Mexican dental students. Our aim was to compare the perception of learning by dental students trained with two distinct dental anesthesia simulation model (DASM) with dental students who were not trained with a DASM. 3 groups participated in the study: G1 (N=12 students) learned to block the mental nerve (BMN) by participating in a theoretical lecture (stage 1) and a clinical demonstration (stage 2); G2 (N=12 students) learned the BMN by participating in the stage 1, stage 2, and training with the CAM; G3 (N=12 students) learned the BMN by participating in the stage 1, stage 2, and training with the IAM. The groups performed the BMN in a clinical exercise. Working-time of all participants was timed. Perception of learning for all participants was evaluated with a 5-point Likert Scale. The results showed that statistically significant differences were found between score of G1 and score of G2 and score of G3 (P<0.05). No statistically significant differences were found between scores of G2 and scores of G3. G1, G2 and G3 showed an average working-time of 12:42 minutes, 9.75 minutes and 8:03 minutes, respectively (P<0.05). We concluded that the IAM and CAM showed a positive impact on the perception of learning, and the students trained with the IAM showed a shorter working time compared with the students trained with the CAM.

RESUMEN En este estudio se evaluó el impacto de un modelo de simulación de anestesia dental por infiltración (IAM) y de un modelo de simulación de anestesia dental por bloqueo (CAM) en la percepción del aprendizaje en estudiantes mexicanos en estomatología. El objetivo fue comparar la percepción en el aprendizaje de estudiantes que entrenaron empleando dos distintos modelos de simulación de anestesia dental con estudiantes que no recibieron entrenamiento empleando algún modelo de simulación de anestesia dental. Participaron 3 grupos en el estudio: G1 (n=12) aprendieron el bloqueo del nervio mentoniano (BNM) al participar en una clase teórica (sesión 1) y en una demostración clínica (sesión 2); G2 (n=12) aprendieron la técnica de anestesia del BNM al participar en la sesión 1, sesión 2 y entrenando con el CAM; G3 (n=12) aprendieron la técnica del BNM al participar en la sesión 1, sesión 2 y entrenando con el IAM. Los grupos aplicaron la técnica del BNM en un ejercicio clínico. Se midió el tiempo de trabajo de los participantes. La percepción del aprendizaje de los participantes se evaluó con una Escala de Likert de 5 ítems. Los resultados mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los valores del G2 y del G3 en comparación con el G1. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas entre los valores del G2 y del G3. El tiempo de trabajo para el G1, G2 y G3 fue respectivamente de: 12:42 minutos, 9.75 minutos y 8:03 minutos, (P<0.05). Se concluyó que el IAM y el CAM mostraron un impacto positivo en la percepción del aprendizaje; los estudiantes entrenados con el IAM mostraron un tiempo de trabajo más corto en comparación con los estudiantes entrenados con el CAM.

Describing the perceptions of bioethics training requirements among young medical professionals: an observational studies

Background: Medical Council of India emphasises the training on bioethics for medical graduates and included the same in medical curriculum reforms. However, the universal implementation of structured training in bioethics remains elusive due to many challenges. Hence the study was planned to describe the perception about the bioethics training needs among trainee interns and junior residents training at tertiary medical teaching hospitals across Tamil Nadu.Methods: A web-based cross-sectional survey was conducted during September-December 2019.Google forms survey was designed, and link was disseminated using affinity groups and snowballing techniques through social media among current medical interns and junior resident doctors working at tertiary care teaching hospital settings across Tamil Nadu. Data was analyzed using MS Excel auto generated through google forms and descriptive statistics were performed.Results: Among 136 respondents of online survey from across 25 medical colleges in Tamil Nadu, 73 (57.5%) were females, 57 (42.2%) had training on bioethics and 31 (54.4%) during internship period. During these trainings, experts in bioethics scholarship conducted training for only 34% of participants. Self-reported inadequate levels of awareness on bioethics was seen in 20.6% subjects and 17.8% subjects professed awareness on Indian Council of Medical Research clinical research ethics guidelines. Combination of curriculum and self-directed learning was the favoured teaching-learning method.Conclusions: This study reveals major gaps in knowledge and attitudes of young medical professionals towards bioethics training and can be addressed through testing novel methods of training.

Validation of a new tool for evaluating subjects' satisfaction with medicine package leaflets: a cross-sectional descriptive study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Package leaflets of medicines need to be intelligible, but tools for their evaluation are scarce. OBJECTIVE: To validate a new tool for assessing subjects' satisfaction with medicine package leaflets (LiS-RPL). DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional descriptive study conducted in two regions of Portugal (Lisbon and Centre). METHODS: 503 participants (53.1% male) were selected according to convenience and homogenously distributed into three groups: 1 to 6; 7 to 12; and > 12 years of schooling. LiS-RPL was developed based on international regulation guidelines and was initially composed of 14 items. Twelve package leaflets were tested. Dimensionality calculations included: exploratory factor analysis and minimum rank factor analysis; Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin index and Bartlett's sphericity test to assess matrix adequacy for exploratory factor analysis; exploratory bifactor analysis with Schmid-Leiman solution to detect possible existence of a broad second-order factor; and Bentler's Simplicity Index and Loading Simplicity Index to assess factor simplicity. Diverse coefficients were calculated to assess reliability. RESULTS: Minimum rank factor analysis detected a two-factor or single-factor structure. Exploratory factor analysis with 12 items showed a two-factor structure, explaining 69.11% of the variance. These items were strongly correlated with each other (r = 0.80). Schmid-Leiman: all items seemed to represent the general factor (loadings above 0.50), which was 76.4% of the extracted variance. Simplicity indices were good (percentile 99): Bentler's Simplicity Index of 0.99 and Loading Simplicity Index of 0.48. Internal consistency indexes indicated good reliability. LiS-RPL was shown to be homogenous. CONCLUSION: LiS-RPL is a validated tool for evaluating subjects' satisfaction with medicine package leaflets.

Levels of Empathy among Dental Students at CMH Lahore Medical College and Institute of Dentistry (NUMS ) Lahore Pakistan

Objectives: To measure levels of empathy among undergraduate dental students in Pakistani Dentistry Institute and to find the difference with respect to gender and academic year in the dental college. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at CMHLMC and IOD in Pakistan, from December 2018 to April 2019, and comprised dental students of all four years. A valid and reliable “The Toronto empathy questionnaire” was used for the collection of data. Responses were indicated on a four-point Likert scale and total scores ranged from 0-64, with higher values indicating higher levels of empathy. Eight out of sixteen items were positively worded and the remaining eight items were negatively worded. Comparison of empathy scores across the year of study was analyzed using one-way ANOVA whereas a t-test was utilized for gender differences. SPSS version 20 was used for data analysis. Results: Questionnaire was returned by 281 students, with a 94% response rate. First-year dentistry students scored the highest mean score of 3.0, followed by second and third-year students by scoring 2.8 whereas the final year students obtained the lowest mean empathy score of 2.7. When mean empathy scores were compared among students of all 4 years by ANOVA test, it was found to be statistically significant, F=3.22, p=0.02. No significant differences in empathy scores were found with respect to gender (p ≥ 0.05). Conclusion: The present study reported a decline of empathy mean scores among dentistry students as the years of study progressed. This study reflects the need for early exposure to clinical training, educational programs and innovative teaching strategies in the undergraduate dentistry curriculum by emphasizing on dentists-patient communication skills, which in turn could encourage dentistry students to become empathetic health professionals.

Actitudes acerca del proceso Enseñanza-Aprendizaje en Medicina de Desastres / Disaster Medicine Teaching -Learning process attitudes

RESUMEN Introducción: la educación médica tradicional, junto a los avances del conocimiento en psicología cognitiva y pedagogía, han incentivado transformaciones aceleradas en los procesos educativos en las escuelas de Medicina, hacia una educación centrada en la formación, en la cual el estudiante es el constructor de sus propios conocimientos y potencialidades. Objetivo: identificar las actitudes de los estudiantes hacia el Proceso Enseñanza- Aprendizaje de Medicina de Desastres, tras una intervención pedagógica. Método: se realizó una investigación de intervención del proceso Enseñanza-Aprendizaje en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Holguín, durante el curso escolar 2014-2015. Para medir la actitud de los estudiantes hacia el Proceso Enseñanza-Aprendizaje, se utilizó una escala tipo Likert (previamente validada por expertos y con α-Cronbach igual a 0,747). La escala fue auto-administrada a dos grupos de estudiantes: el Experimental, en el que se emplearon algunos mapas conceptuales como herramienta pedagógica para representar y graficar el conocimiento, y el Grupo Control, que recibió el proceso docente sin contacto con dicha herramienta. Resultados: en el grupo Experimental la actitud de los estudiantes hacia el Proceso Enseñanza-Aprendizaje de Medicina de Desastres fue favorable, mientras que los estudiantes del Grupo Control presentaron una actitud indecisa. Conclusiones: la utilización de los mapas conceptuales en el Proceso Enseñanza- Aprendizaje provocó una actitud deferente y al mismo tiempo preferente hacia el aprendizaje.

ABSTRACT Introduction: traditional medicine and advanced knowledge in Cognitive Psychology and Pedagogy have triggered transformations in the Teaching- Learning processes, inside Medical College. This process shows the student as the maker of his own knowledge and potentialities. Objective: to identify students attitudes with a pedagogical intervention, through Disaster Medicine Teaching -Learning process. Method: an interventional study in Teaching-Learning process inside the Medical University of Holguín was carried out, from 2014 to 2015 lecture. To measure students´ attitude, Likert scale was used and validated by experts, with α-Cronbach of 0,747). This scale was self-administered to two groups: Experimental Group, in which some conceptual maps were used as a pedagogical tool to represent knowledge and Control Group without teaching tools. Results: students´ attitude in the Experimental Group towards Disaster Medicine Teaching-Learning process was favorable; meanwhile Control Group presented an indecisive attitude. Conclusions: conceptual maps during Teaching-Learning process favored different and positive attitudes through learning.

Ultrasound-guided greater occipital nerve block with botulinum toxin for patients with chronic headache in the occipital area: a randomized controlled trial / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Ultrasound-guided greater occipital nerve (GON) block has been frequently used to treat various types of headaches, and botulinum toxin has recently begun to be used in patients with headache. Our study presents the long-term effect of botulinum toxin on GON block using ultrasound in patients with chronic headache in occipital area. METHODS: Patients with occipital headache were divided into two groups (bupivacaine: BUP group [n = 27], botulinum toxin: BTX group [n = 27]), and ultrasound-guided GON block was performed at the C2 level. GON was detected with ultrasound and distance from GON to midline, from the skin surface to GON, and size of GON were measured in both groups. Visual analogue scale (VAS) scores and Likert scale were assessed at pretreatment and at 1, 4, 8, and 24 weeks after treatment in both groups. RESULTS: The distance from GON to midline was 18.9 ± 4.4 mm (right) and 17.3 ± 3.8 mm (left). The depth from the skin was 12.9 ± 1.5 mm (right) and 13.4 ± 1.6 mm (left). GON size was 3.1 mm on both sides. The VAS score and patient satisfaction score (Likert scale) in 4, 8, and 24 weeks after injection were superior for the BTX than the BUP group. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound-guided GON block using BTX is effective in reducing short-term and long-term pain in patients with chronic headache in the occipital area.

Comparison of the treating effects of arthroscopic surgery in global and Focal pincer femoroacetabular impingement / 中国内镜杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of arthroscopic surgery treating global pincer femoroacetabular impingement. Methods Global (center-edge angle ≥ 40°) and Focal (center-edge angle 25° ~ 39°) cohorts were based on pre-operative radiographs. Pre-operative and intra-operative findings, surgical procedures, postoperative nonarthritic hip score (NAHS) and satisfaction (5-point Likert scale), complications and conversion arthroplasties were compared. A nested case-control study was also performed. Results The Global cohort consisted of 15 patients of mean age (37.2 ± 11.3) years. Pre-operative NAHS was (51.5 ± 22.7) and (74.1 ± 16.6) at 24 months after operation. The change in NAHS was significant (P = 0.001). Mean satisfaction was (4.2 ± 1.2). There was one total hip arthroplasty (THA) conversion (6.7%), no revision surgeries or complications. The Focal cohort consisted of 125 patients of mean age (39.8 ± 13.5) years. Pre-operative NAHS was (55.5 ± 17.1) and (77.3 ± 18.5) at 24 months after operation. The change in NAHS was significant (P = 0.015). Mean satisfaction was (4.2 ± 1.3). There were eight THA conversions (6.4%), three complications (2.4%) and two revision surgeries (1.6%). Cohort comparisons revealed no statistically significant difference in NAHS (P = 0.301), satisfaction (P = 0.926) and THA conversion rate (P = 0.912). The nested case-control study found mean post-operative change in NAHS was (22.2 ± 6.9) and (21.5 ± 8.8), respectively, at 24 months (P = 0.955). Conclusion The global pincer FAI was safe and effective with arthroscopic surgery, and the effect was similar to that of the local pincer FAI .

Development of a safety culture scale for conventional submarine troops / 第二军医大学学报

Objective To establish a safety culture scale for conventional submarine troops and to analyze the key factors influencing the safety during peace time, so as to provide evidence for future study. Methods Twenty-five items from relative scales were sorted based on a literature review, and 21 of them were included in the final safety questionnaire after extensive analysis and review. A total of 180 submariners were surveyed with the questionnaire, and the effective response rate was 81. 67% (147) and their data were used for further analysis. Results Thirty-two (21. 77%) responders have experienced a safety incidence, and 12 (8. 16%) had been injured due to the incidences. Four dimensions of the safety culture for the target population were indentified by exploratory factor analysis, including commitment to safety by the decision-makers, satisfaction degree of safety effort, priority of safety effort, and communication on safety, which could explain 71. 532% of the variance. The Cronbach’s α was calculated for each scale (all over 0. 7). indicating satisfactory internal consistency for this measurement. Conclusion High incidence of safety events and injury rate of the participants from submarine troop demand more efforts on safety. Submariners are different from other seafarers in civil groups. They are trained to be obedient to orders and leadership, aware of the importance of missions; on the other hand they have stronger self-consciousness and they are not satisfied with simple emphasis on safety and repeated education. However, they are not active in reporting safety issues to the superiors, so the safety culture among them needs to be improved.

Construcción y Validación de una Escala de Actitud Frente a las Personas En Situación de Discapacidad en Instituciones de Educación Superior

El objetivo de este trabajo fue construir y presentar evidencia preliminar sobre la validez y confiabilidad de una escala para medir la actitud frente a las personas en situación de discapacidad, tanto física como mental, en instituciones de educación superior. A partir de una muestra de 100 participantes, se validó una escala de 10 ítems con formato Likert, con una consistencia interna evidenciada a partir de un coeficiente alfa de Cronbach de 0,805 y 2 factores que explican un 51,024% de la varianza total y presentaron una interpretación coherente con la definición del constructo. Los resultados muestran que el instrumento propuesto tiene características psicométricas suficientes como para continuar con el estudio de su validación.

The objective of this investigation was construct and present preliminary evidence of the validity and reliability of an attitude scale towards people in situation of disability in higher educational institutions. From a sample of 100 participants, was validated a scale of 10 items in a Likert format, with an internal consistency evidenced from an alpha of Cronbach coefficient of 0,805 and 2 factors explaining an 51,024% of the total variance that presented a consistent interpretation with the definition of the construct. The results show that the proposed instrument has enough psychometric characteristics to continue the study of validation.

Determinants of Indian physicians’ satisfaction & dissatisfaction from their job.

Background & objectives: Physicians’ satisfaction/dissatisfaction from their job is an important factor associated with health service that deals with human life. This study was conducted to ascertain overall level and proportion of physicians’ satisfaction from their job as well as to identify those components that influenced it. Method: A comprehensive customized questionnaire was used with Section A to assess demographic profile of physicians and Section B to assess satisfaction. Response to each question was devised using Likert scale. Likert scale responses were converted to normal scale so that statistical procedures could be naturally developed. A total of 170 physicians were selected using multistage sampling. Questionnaire was administered on one to one basis to avoid non-response. Precise and contextualized descriptive and inferential statistical procedures were used for analysis. Result: Of the 140 physicians, 103 (74%) were satisfied from their job with average score of 19.15 ± 11.46 while 37 (26%) were dissatisfied with average score -09.27 ± 06.30. Nine out of 15 components were found significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Comparative assessment of the present results with those of other studies revealed that satisfaction percentage of Indian physicians and those of the developed countries were almost the same. Perhaps, magnitude of satisfaction level (average score) of the Indian physicians were towards the lower side. Nine determinants, identified in this study can be used safely to assess any professionals’ satisfaction.

Actitudes y rendimiento académico: su evolución desde química general e inorgánica hasta química orgánica / Attitudes and academic yield: its evolution from general and inorganic chemistry to organic chemistry / Atitudes e rendimento académico: sua evolução do química geral e inorgánico para química orgânico

Esta investigación tiene un doble propósito, en primer lugar, valorar las actitudes hacia la química de alumnos universitarios de carreras biológicas en dos cursos relacionados con esta disciplina y, por otro lado, relacionar dichas actitudes con el rendimiento académico presentado por los estudiantes. El instrumento elegido para medir las actitudes de los alumnos fue un cuestionario según la escala Likert, encuestándose a la totalidad de estudiantes que cursaban cada uno de los cursos de química analizados: Química General e Inorgánica (QGI) y Química Orgánica (QO). Para estimar el rendimiento académico se analizaron actas de parciales y se realizaron cálculos de correlación. Los alumnos que cursaban QGI presentaron actitudes hacia la química valoradas como indiferentes. Sin embargo al finalizar el curso de QO sus actitudes fueron evolucionando favorablemente, ya que la puntuación media obtenida para los ítems positivos y negativos estuvo en el rango de actitudes positivas. Los valores del coeficiente de Pearson obtenidos para los dos cursos estudiados fueron superiores a 0,80, lo que indica una fuerte relación entre las variables implicadas, por lo cual se infiere la importancia de desarrollar actitudes positivas hacia la química para favorecer el rendimiento académico de los alumnos.

This work has a double aim, in the first place, to value the attitudes towards the chemistry of university students of biological careers in two courses related to this discipline and, on the other hand, to relate these attitudes to the academic yield presented by the students. The chosen instrument to measure the attitudes of the students was a questionnaire according to the Likert scale; the totality of students who attended each one of the analyzed courses of chemistry, General and Inorganic Chemistry (QGI) and Organic Chemistry (QO), were polled. In order to consider the academic yield, proceedings of midterms were analyzed and calculations of correlation were made. The students who attended QGI presented attitudes towards chemistry valued like indifferent. Nevertheless, at the end of QO attitudes of students were evolving favorably, since the obtained average score for the positive and negative items was in the rank of positive attitudes. The values of the obtained coefficient of Pearson for both courses studied were superior to 0.80, which indicates a strong relation between the implied variables. Whereby, it follows the importance of developing positive attitudes towards chemistry to favor the academic yield of the students.

Esta pesquisa tem um duplo propósito, antes de tudo, medir atitudes em relação a química de estudantes universitários em ciências biológicas, em dois cursos relacionou-se a esta disciplinae, em seguida, relacionar estas atitudes ao desempenho académico apresentou-se pelos estudantes. O instrumento escolhido para medir as atitudes dos estudantes era um questionário de acordo com a escala de Likert, encuestando próprio ao totalidade dos estudantes que atenderam a cada dos cursos analisados do quimica: Quimica Geral e Inorgánica (QGI) e Química Orgánica (QO). Para considerar os atos académicos do rendimento os registos dos exames foram analisados e os cálculos da correlação foram feitos. Os estudantes que atenderam a QGI apresentaram-se atitudes indicados para o química avaliado como indiferente. Não obstante quando finalizar atendido de QO suas atitudes estava evoluindo favoràvel, desde que a contagem média obtida para os artigos positivos e negativos estava na gama de atitudes positivas. Os valores do coeficiente obtido de Pearson para ambos cursos estudados eram superiores a 0.80, indicando uma relação forte entre as variáveis implicadas; pelo que pode-se inferir a importância de desenvolver atitudes positivas para a química para favorecer o rendimento académico dos estudantes.

The five-point Likert scale for dyspnea can properly assess the degree of pulmonary congestion and predict adverse events in heart failure outpatients

OBJECTIVES: Proper assessment of dyspnea is important in patients with heart failure. Our aim was to evaluate the use of the 5-point Likert scale for dyspnea to assess the degree of pulmonary congestion and to determine the prognostic value of this scale for predicting adverse events in heart failure outpatients. METHODS: We undertook a prospective study of outpatients with moderate to severe heart failure. The 5-point Likert scale was applied during regular outpatient visits, along with clinical assessments. Lung ultrasound with ≥15 B-lines and an amino-terminal portion of pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) level >1000 pg/mL were used as a reference for pulmonary congestion. The patients were then assessed every 30 days during follow-up to identify adverse clinical outcomes. RESULTS: We included 58 patients (65.5% male, age 43.5±11 years) with a mean left ventricular ejection fraction of 27±6%. In total, 29.3% of these patients had heart failure with ischemic etiology. Additionally, pulmonary congestion, as diagnosed by lung ultrasound, was present in 58% of patients. A higher degree of dyspnea (3 or 4 points on the 5-point Likert scale) was significantly correlated with a higher number of B-lines (p = 0.016). Patients stratified into Likert = 3-4 were at increased risk of admission compared with those in class 1-2 after adjusting for age, left ventricular ejection fraction, New York Heart Association functional class and levels of NT-proBNP >1000 pg/mL (HR = 4.9, 95% CI 1.33-18.64, p = 0.017). CONCLUSION: In our series, higher baseline scores on the 5-point Likert scale were related to pulmonary congestion and were independently associated with adverse events during follow-up. This simple clinical tool can help to identify patients who are more likely to decompensate and whose treatment should be intensified. .

Food Safety Knowledge: The Case of Domestic Food Handlers in Accra.

The Food safety knowledge of 608 respondents in Accra was assessed under five food safety themes using a Likert-type scale questionnaire, and Mean Aggregate Score (MAS) for each theme computed. Further, the Mean of the MAS was calculated and used as an index of interpreting overall food safety knowledge of food handlers who participated in the study. The themes considered in this study were “Concern” for food Safety, “Crosscontamination”, “General and personal hygiene”, “Knowledge of pathogenic microbes” and “Handling left-over food”. The relationship between respondents’ knowledge of food safety and demographic characteristics was also explored. Some of the demographic factors that were found to influence food safety knowledge significantly were education and age but not gender. MAS ranged between 3.0 – 4.0 (Indifference – Agree) for “Crosscontamination” and “Handling-leftover”, while the overall score for food safety knowledge was 3.6, interpreted largely as Good on the scale adopted for the study. Generally, however, respondents were well-informed in the areas of food safety concerns, general and personal hygiene and handling leftover food but not, as far as cross-contamination and pathogenic bacteria are concerned.

Convencionalidade na aquisição de verbos: estudo comparativo das análises dicotômicas e contínuas / Conventionality in verb acquisition: a comparative study of dichotomic and continuous analysis

A convencionalidade é um princípio pragmático da aquisição lexical que possibilita a adequação das palavras ao contexto. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar dois tipos de análise - dicotômica e contínua - da convencionalidade dos verbos, obtidos por meio de uma tarefa de nomeação de ações composta por 17 vídeos breves, aplicada a 37 crianças com idades entre 2:0 e 3:0 e 43 crianças entre 3:1 e 4:5. Foram comparadas duas análises: (1) dicotômica - verbos classificados como não convencionais ou convencionais; e (2) contínua - escores entre 1 e 5, obtidos por escala likert. Os resultados mostraram que as duas formas de análise diferenciam os grupos etários, embora a análise contínua apresente vantagens, revelando mais detalhes do desenvolvimento do léxico de verbos.

Conventionality is a pragmatic principle of lexical acquisition which makes the adequacy of words to the context possible. The aim of this study was to compare dichotomic and continuous analysis in the classification of this pragmatic principle. The data were obtained by an actions naming task composed of 17 brief videos, applied to 37 children aged between 2:0 and 3:0 and 43 children aged between 3:1 and 4:5. Two analyses were compared: (1) dichotomic - verbs classified as non conventional or conventional; and (2) continuous, scores between 1 and 5, obtained using a Likert scale. The results showed that the two kinds of analysis distinguish the age groups, although the continuous analysis presents advantages, revealing more details about the verbs lexical development.

Correlation between the Likert Scale and the Numeric Rating Scale for Evaluating Knee Pain

PURPOSE: The Likert scale and the numeric rating scale (NRS) have been widely used to evaluate knee pain. The purpose of the present study is to compare the Likert scale and the NRS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The records of 350 patients who had painful knees were investigated from June 2008 to June 2009. The patients were divided into three groups. Group 1 included 98 patients who were admitted for total knee replacement, while group 2 consisted of 141 patients who underwent total knee replacement within a minimum of 1 year (range: 1 to 5 year), and group 3 included 111 patients who were treated with conservative methods. We simultaneously evaluated the Likert scale and the NRS and we analyzed the relationships between them using Pearson's correlation test. RESULTS: The correlation coefficients between the Likert scale and the NRS was -0.91. The correlation coefficients for each group was -0.75 (group 1), -0.78 (group 2), and -0.68 (group 3), respectively. CONCLUSION: The Likert scale was correlated with the NRS and there were no significant differences between these two scales for evaluating knee pain. It is believed that the Likert scale is another useful tool for expressing knee pain.

The Use of Likert Scale in Community Nutrition Research: Analysis of the Articles Published in Korean Journal of Community Nutrition / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to examine if Likert scales had been properly utilized in community nutrition research. A total of 527 research articles published in the 32 issues of Korean Journal of Community Nutrition from the volume 5, issue 1 in 2000 to the volume 10, issue 2 in 2005 were screened and 55 articles were found to have utilized one or more Likert scales for the studies. Therefore, 109 Likert scales used in the 55 studies were reviewed regarding the name, statement and response items, reliability and validity check, and analysis method. The scales were mostly referred as Likert scales (60%) or Likert-type scales (27%). Some scales were found to be referred as Likert scales although they were Likert-type scales when judged based on the information given in the respective articles. However some scales couldn't be judged for the rightness of the names because the information given for the scales in the articles was not enough. About 23% of the scales consisted of items less than 6 or more than 30, and therefore found to be inappropriate. The percentage of the scales listing all the statement items in the articles was only 25%. Most of the scales (85%) included 5 response items, and the rest included 4 (7%), 7 (6%), or 3 (2%). The percentages of the scales including appropriate center and end items were only 2% and 22%, respectively. Less than half of the scales (41%) were found to have been checked for reliability and only one scale was reported to have been checked for validity. In some scales (6%), the responses were scored improperly for analysis. The responses to the scales were frequently found to have been analyzed by parametric statistics such as mean, ANOVA, t-test, and Pearson's correlation, which might be a problem depending on the size and distribution of study samples. In conclusion, there is much room for improvement in the use of Likert scales in community nutrition research.